To see research summaries, citations, and links to full reports, click on the report titles below.

• Bilingual Effects on Cognitive and Linguistic Development: Role of Language, Cultural Background, and Education
• Closing the Gap: Addressing the Vocabulary Needs of English-Language Learners in Bilingual and Mainstream Classrooms
• Dual Language Learners in the Early Years: Getting Ready to Succeed in School
• Reading and Language Outcomes of a Five-Year Randomized Evaluation of Transitional Bilingual Education
• Second-Language Acquisition and Bilingualism at an Early Age and the Impact on Early Cognitive Development
• Successful Bilingual Schools: Six Effective Programs in California
• Teaching English Language Learners: What the Research Does — and Does Not — Say
• The Relation Between First- and Second-Language Skills: Evidence from Puerto Rican Elementary School Children in Bilingual Programs